Details

Nanosatellites


Nanosatellites

Space and Ground Technologies, Operations and Economics
1. Aufl.

von: Rogerio Atem de Carvalho, Jaime Estela, Martin Langer

111,99 €

Verlag: Wiley
Format: EPUB
Veröffentl.: 16.03.2020
ISBN/EAN: 9781119042051
Sprache: englisch
Anzahl Seiten: 712

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Beschreibungen

<p><b>Nanosatellites: Space and Ground Technologies, Operations and Economics</b></p> <p>Rogerio Atem de Carvalho, Instituto Federal Fluminense, Brazil</p> <p>Jaime Estela, Spectrum Aerospace Group, Germany and Peru</p> <p>Martin Langer, Technical University of Munich, Germany</p> <p><b><i>Covering the latest research on nanosatellites</i></b></p> <p>Nanosatellites: Space and Ground Technologies, Operations and Economics comprehensively presents the latest research on the fast-developing area of nanosatellites. Divided into three distinct sections, the book begins with a brief history of nanosatellites and introduces nanosatellites technologies and payloads, also explaining how these are deployed into space. The second section provides an overview of the ground segment and operations, and the third section focuses on the regulations, policies, economics, and future trends.</p> <p>Key features:</p> <ul> <li>Payloads for nanosatellites</li> <li>Nanosatellites components design</li> <li>Examines the cost of development of nanosatellites.</li> <li>Covers the latest policies and regulations.</li> <li>Considers future trends for nanosatellites.</li> </ul> <p><i>Nanosatellites: Space and Ground Technologies, Operations and Economics</i> is a comprehensive reference for researchers and practitioners working with nanosatellites in the aerospace industry.</p>
<p>List of Contributors xxiii</p> <p>Foreword: Nanosatellite Space Experiment xxix</p> <p>Introduction by the Editors xxxv</p> <p><b>1 I-1 A Brief History of Nanosatellites </b><b>1<br /></b><i>Siegfried W. Janson</i></p> <p>1.1 Introduction 1</p> <p>1.2 Historical Nanosatellite Launch Rates 1</p> <p>1.3 The First Nanosatellites 3</p> <p>1.4 The Large Space Era 8</p> <p>1.5 The New Space Era 12</p> <p>1.6 Summary 23</p> <p>References 24</p> <p><b>2 I-2a On-board Computer and Data Handling </b><b>31<br /></b><i>Jaime Estela and Sergio Montenegro</i></p> <p>2.1 Introduction 31</p> <p>2.2 History 31</p> <p>2.3 Special Requirements for Space Applications 34</p> <p>2.4 Hardware 35</p> <p>2.5 Design 41</p> <p>References 49</p> <p><b>3 I-2b Operational Systems </b><b>51<br /></b><i>Lucas Ramos Hissa and Rogerio Atem de Carvalho</i></p> <p>3.1 Introduction 51</p> <p>3.2 RTOS Overview 51</p> <p>3.3 RTOS on On-board Computers (OBCs): Requirements for a Small Satellite 52</p> <p>3.4 Example Projects 55</p> <p>3.5 Conclusions 56</p> <p>References 59</p> <p><b>4 I-2c Attitude Control and Determination </b><b>61<br /></b><i>Willem H. Steyn and Vaios J. Lappas</i></p> <p>4.1 Introduction 61</p> <p>4.2 ADCS Fundamentals 61</p> <p>4.3 ADCS Requirements and Stabilization Methods 62</p> <p>4.4 ADCS Background Theory 65</p> <p>4.5 Attitude and Angular Rate Determination 66</p> <p>4.6 Attitude and Angular Rate Controllers 72</p> <p>4.7 ADCS Sensor and Actuator Hardware 75</p> <p>References 83</p> <p><b>5 I-2d Propulsion Systems </b><b>85<br /></b><i>Flavia Tata Nardini, Michele Coletti, Alexander Reissner, and David Krejci</i></p> <p>5.1 Introduction 85</p> <p>5.2 Propulsion Elements 86</p> <p>5.3 Key Elements in the Development of Micropropulsion Systems 87</p> <p>5.4 Propulsion System Technologies 90</p> <p>5.5 Mission Elements 98</p> <p>5.6 Survey of All Existing Systems 101</p> <p>5.7 Future Prospect 113</p> <p>References 113</p> <p><b>6 I-2e Communications </b><b>115<br /></b><i>Nicolas Appel, Sebastian Rückerl, Martin Langer, and Rolf-Dieter Klein</i></p> <p>6.1 Introduction 115</p> <p>6.2 Regulatory Considerations 116</p> <p>6.3 Satellite Link Characteristics 117</p> <p>6.4 Channel Coding 123</p> <p>6.5 Data Link Layer 126</p> <p>6.6 Hardware 128</p> <p>6.7 Testing 138</p> <p>References 140</p> <p><b>7 I-2f Structural Subsystem </b><b>143<br /></b><i>Kenan Y. Sanl</i><i>𝚤türk, Murat Süer, and A. Rüstem Aslan</i></p> <p>7.1 Definition and Tasks 143</p> <p>7.2 Existing State-of-the-Art Structures for CubeSats 145</p> <p>7.3 Materials and Thermal Considerations for Structural Design 150</p> <p>7.4 Design Parameters and Tools 152</p> <p>7.5 Design Challenges 162</p> <p>7.6 Future Prospects 163</p> <p>References 164</p> <p><b>8 I-2g Power Systems </b><b>167<br /></b><i>Marcos Compadre, Ausias Garrigós, and Andrew Strain</i></p> <p>8.1 Introduction 167</p> <p>8.2 Power Source: Photovoltaic Solar Cells and Solar Array 170</p> <p>8.3 Energy Storage: Lithium-ion Batteries 172</p> <p>8.4 SA-battery Power Conditioning: DET and MPPT 175</p> <p>8.5 Battery Charging Control Loops 178</p> <p>8.6 Bus Power Conditioning and Distribution: Load Converters and Distribution Switches 179</p> <p>8.7 Flight Switch Subsystem 183</p> <p>8.8 DC/DC Converters 183</p> <p>8.9 Power System Sizing: Power Budget, Solar Array, and Battery Selection 187</p> <p>8.10 Conclusions 191</p> <p>References 191</p> <p><b>9 I-2h Thermal Design, Analysis, and Test </b><b>193<br /></b><i>Philipp Reiss, Matthias Killian, and Philipp Hager</i></p> <p>9.1 Introduction 193</p> <p>9.2 Typical Thermal Loads 194</p> <p>9.3 Active and Passive Designs 200</p> <p>9.4 Design Approach and Tools 204</p> <p>9.5 Thermal Tests 208</p> <p>References 212</p> <p><b>10 I-2i Systems Engineering and Quality Assessment </b><b>215<br /></b><i>Lucas Lopes Costa, Geilson Loureiro, Eduardo Escobar Bürger, and Franciele Carlesso</i></p> <p>10.1 Introduction 215</p> <p>10.2 Systems Engineering Definition and Process 216</p> <p>10.3 Space Project Management: Role of Systems Engineers 222</p> <p>10.4 ECSS and Other Standards 225</p> <p>10.5 Document, Risk Control, and Resources 228</p> <p>10.6 Changing Trends in SE and Quality Assessment for Nanosatellites 233</p> <p>References 233</p> <p><b>11 I-2j Integration and Testing </b><b>235<br /></b><i>Eduardo Escobar Bürger, Geilson Loureiro, and Lucas Lopes Costa</i></p> <p>11.1 Introduction 235</p> <p>11.2 Overall Tasks 236</p> <p>11.3 Typical Flow 241</p> <p>11.4 Test Philosophies 242</p> <p>11.5 Typical System Integration Process 244</p> <p>11.6 Typical Test Parameters and Facilities 244</p> <p>11.7 Burden of Integration and Testing 245</p> <p>11.8 Changing Trends in Nanosatellite Testing 249</p> <p>References 250</p> <p><b>12 I-3a Scientific Payloads </b><b>251<br /></b><i>Anna Gregorio</i></p> <p>12.1 Introduction 251</p> <p>12.2 Categorization 252</p> <p>12.3 Imagers 254</p> <p>12.4 X-ray Detectors 256</p> <p>12.5 Spectrometers 259</p> <p>12.6 Photometers 262</p> <p>12.7 GNSS Receivers 265</p> <p>12.8 Microbolometers 267</p> <p>12.9 Radiometers 269</p> <p>12.10 Radar Systems 270</p> <p>12.11 Particle Detectors 274</p> <p>12.12 PlasmaWave Analyzers 277</p> <p>12.13 Biological Detectors 280</p> <p>12.14 Solar Sails 283</p> <p>12.15 Conclusions 283</p> <p>References 283</p> <p><b>13 I-3b In-orbit Technology Demonstration </b><b>291<br /></b><i>Jaime Estela</i></p> <p>13.1 Introduction 291</p> <p>13.2 Activities of Space Agencies 292</p> <p>13.3 Nanosatellites 295</p> <p>13.4 Microsatellites 298</p> <p>13.5 ISS 301</p> <p>References 306</p> <p><b>14 I-3c Nanosatellites as Educational Projects </b><b>309<br /></b><i>Merlin F. Barschke</i></p> <p>14.1 Introduction 309</p> <p>14.2 Satellites and Project-based Learning 309</p> <p>14.3 University Satellite Programs 312</p> <p>14.4 Outcome and Success Criteria 316</p> <p>14.5 Teams and Organizational Structure 318</p> <p>14.6 Challenges and Practical Experiences 318</p> <p>14.7 From Pure Education to Powerful Research Tools 321</p> <p>References 321</p> <p><b>15 I-3d Formations of Small Satellites </b><b>327<br /></b><i>Klaus Schilling</i></p> <p>15.1 Introduction 327</p> <p>15.2 Constellations and Formations 327</p> <p>15.3 Orbit Dynamics 328</p> <p>15.4 Satellite Configurations 331</p> <p>15.5 Relevant Specific Small Satellite Technologies to Enable Formations 332</p> <p>15.6 Application Examples 334</p> <p>15.7 Test Environment for Multisatellite Systems 336</p> <p>15.8 Conclusions for Distributed Nanosatellite Systems 337</p> <p>Acknowledgments 338</p> <p>References 338</p> <p><b>16 I-3e Precise, Autonomous Formation Flight at Low Cost </b><b>341<br /></b><i>Niels Roth, Ben Risi, Robert E. Zee, Grant Bonin, Scott Armitage, and Josh Newman</i></p> <p>16.1 Introduction 341</p> <p>16.2 Mission Overview 342</p> <p>16.3 System Overview 343</p> <p>16.4 Launch and Early Operations 350</p> <p>16.5 Formation Control Results 353</p> <p>16.6 Conclusion 360</p> <p>Acknowledgments 360</p> <p>References 360</p> <p><b>17 I-4a Launch Vehicles—Challenges and Solutions </b><b>363<br /></b><i>Kaitlyn Kelley</i></p> <p>17.1 Introduction 363</p> <p>17.2 Past Nanosatellite Launches 365</p> <p>17.3 Launch Vehicles Commonly Used by Nanosatellites 367</p> <p>17.4 Overview of a Typical Launch Campaign 368</p> <p>17.5 Launch Demand 371</p> <p>17.6 Future Launch Concepts 372</p> <p>References 374</p> <p><b>18 I-4b Deployment Systems </b><b>375<br /></b><i>A. Rüstem Aslan, Cesar Bernal, and Jordi Puig-Suari</i></p> <p>18.1 Introduction 375</p> <p>18.2 Definition and Tasks 375</p> <p>18.3 Basics of Deployment Systems 376</p> <p>18.4 State of the Art 377</p> <p>18.5 Future Prospects 395</p> <p>Acknowledgments 396</p> <p>References 396</p> <p><b>19 I-4c Mission Operations </b><b>399<br /></b><i>Chantal Cappelletti</i></p> <p>19.1 Introduction 399</p> <p>19.2 Organization of Mission Operations 400</p> <p>19.3 Goals and Functions of Mission Operations 401</p> <p>19.4 Input and Output of Mission Operations 404</p> <p>19.5 MOP 406</p> <p>19.6 Costs and Operations 409</p> <p>References 414</p> <p>Further Reading 415</p> <p><b>20 I-5 Mission Examples </b><b>417<br /></b><i>Kelly Antonini, Nicolò Carletti, Kevin Cuevas, Matteo Emanuelli, Per Koch, Laura León Pérez, and Daniel Smith</i></p> <p>20.1 Introduction 417</p> <p>20.2 Mission Types 418</p> <p>20.3 Mission Examples 420</p> <p>20.4 Constellations 433</p> <p>20.5 Perspective 437</p> <p>References 438</p> <p><b>21 II-1 Ground Segment 441<br /></b><i>Fernando Aguado Agelet and Alberto González Muíño</i></p> <p>21.1 Introduction 441</p> <p>21.2 Ground Segment Functionalities 441</p> <p>21.3 Ground Segment Architecture 442</p> <p>21.4 Ground Station Elements 444</p> <p>21.5 Ground Segment Software 449</p> <p>21.6 Ground Segment Operation 451</p> <p>21.7 Future Prospects 452</p> <p>References 455</p> <p><b>22 II-2 Ground Station Networks 457<br /></b><i>Lucas Rodrigues Amaduro and Rogerio Atem de Carvalho</i></p> <p>22.1 Introduction 457</p> <p>22.2 Technological Challenges 457</p> <p>22.3 Visibility Clash Problems of Stations and Satellites 458</p> <p>22.4 The Distributed Ground Station Network 459</p> <p>22.5 Infrastructure 459</p> <p>22.6 Planning and Scheduling 460</p> <p>22.7 Generic Software Architecture 460</p> <p>22.8 Example Networks 462</p> <p>22.9 Traditional Ground Station Approach 462</p> <p>22.10 Heterogeneous Ground Station Approach 464</p> <p>22.11 Homogeneous Ground Station Approach 466</p> <p>22.12 Conclusions 469</p> <p>References 469</p> <p><b>23 II-3 Ground-based Satellite Tracking </b><b>471<br /></b><i>Enrico Stoll, Jürgen Letschnik, and Christopher Kebschull</i></p> <p>23.1 Introduction 471</p> <p>23.2 Orbital Element Sets 472</p> <p>23.3 Tracklet Generation from Ground Measurements 475</p> <p>23.4 Tracking CubeSats with Ground Stations 481</p> <p>23.5 Orbit Propagation 485</p> <p>23.6 Principle of Operations of Ground Stations 487</p> <p>23.7 Summary 492</p> <p>References 493</p> <p><b>24 II-4a AMSAT </b><b>495<br /></b><i>Andrew Barron (ZL</i>3<i>DW)</i></p> <p>24.1 Introduction 495</p> <p>24.2 Project OSCAR 496</p> <p>24.3 AMSAT Satellite Designations 499</p> <p>24.4 Other Notable AMSAT and OSCAR Satellites 500</p> <p>24.5 The Development of CubeSats 503</p> <p>24.6 FUNcube Satellites 504</p> <p>24.7 Fox Satellites 505</p> <p>24.8 GOLF Satellites 505</p> <p>24.9 The IARU and ITU Resolution 659 506</p> <p>References 507</p> <p><b>24 II-4b New Radio Technologies 508<br /></b><i>Andrew Barron (ZL</i>3<i>DW)</i></p> <p>24.10 Introduction 508</p> <p>24.11 SDR Space Segment 509</p> <p>24.12 SDR Ground Segment 510</p> <p>24.13 Modern Transmitter Design 511</p> <p>Reference 513</p> <p><b>25 III-1a Cost Breakdown for the Development of Nanosatellites </b><b>515<br /></b><i>Katharine Brumbaugh Gamble</i></p> <p>25.1 Introduction 515</p> <p>25.2 Recurring Costs 517</p> <p>25.3 Nonrecurring Costs 521</p> <p>25.4 Satellite Cost-estimating Models 523</p> <p>25.5 Risk Estimation and Reduction 528</p> <p>25.6 Conclusions 530</p> <p>References 530</p> <p><b>26 III-1b Launch Costs 533<br /></b><i>Merlin F. Barschke</i></p> <p>26.1 Introduction 533</p> <p>26.2 Launching Nanosatellites 533</p> <p>26.3 Launch Sites 539</p> <p>26.4 Launch Milestones 539</p> <p>26.5 Launch Cost 540</p> <p>References 541</p> <p><b>27 III-2a Policies and Regulations in Europe 545<br /></b><i>Neta Palkovitz</i></p> <p>27.1 Introduction 545</p> <p>27.2 International Space Law 545</p> <p>27.3 National Laws and Practices in EU Member States 550</p> <p>27.4 Future Regulation and Prospects 554</p> <p>References 555</p> <p><b>28 III-2b Policies and Regulations in North America 557<br /></b><i>Mike Miller and Kirk Woellert</i></p> <p>28.1 Introduction 557</p> <p>28.2 Governing Treaties and Laws 558</p> <p>28.3 Orbital Debris Mitigation 561</p> <p>28.4 Space Traffic Management 563</p> <p>28.5 Licensing of Radio Transmission from Space 566</p> <p>28.6 Licensing for Remote Sensing Activities from Space 570</p> <p>28.7 Export Control Laws 571</p> <p>28.8 Conclusion 575</p> <p>References 577</p> <p><b>29 III-2c International Organizations and International Cooperation 583<br /></b><i>Jean-Francois Mayence</i></p> <p>29.1 Introduction 583</p> <p>29.2 The United Nations and Affiliated Organizations 584</p> <p>29.3 International Telecommunications Union 589</p> <p>29.4 Other United Nations Agencies and Bodies 590</p> <p>29.5 Non-UN Organizations 593</p> <p>29.6 Main Non-European Spacefaring Nations 597</p> <p>29.7 Conclusions 600</p> <p>References 601</p> <p><b>30 III-3a Economy of Small Satellites </b><b>603<br /></b><i>Richard Joye</i></p> <p>30.1 Introduction 603</p> <p>30.2 Rethinking the Value Chain 603</p> <p>30.3 A Hybrid Small Satellite Value Chain 604</p> <p>30.4 Evolution, Not Revolution? 611</p> <p>30.5 The Economics at Play 612</p> <p>30.6 Satellite Manufacturers 612</p> <p>30.7 Launch Service Providers 614</p> <p>30.8 Satellite Operators 615</p> <p>30.9 Satellite Servicing Providers 616</p> <p>30.10 Data and Solution Providers 616</p> <p>30.11 A Shift Toward New Models 617</p> <p>References 618</p> <p>Further Reading 618</p> <p><b>31 III-3b Economics and the Future 621<br /></b><i>Richard Joye</i></p> <p>31.1 Introduction 621</p> <p>31.2 Themes Shaping the Space Industry 622</p> <p>31.3 Megatrends 624</p> <p>31.4 Conclusion: The Space Industry is in Mutation 632</p> <p>Further Reading 632</p> <p><b>32 III-3c Networks of Nanosatellites </b><b>635<br /></b><i>Richard Joye</i></p> <p>32.1 Introduction 635</p> <p>32.2 Why Networks? 635</p> <p>32.3 Opportunities for Networks of Nanosatellites 641</p> <p>32.4 Challenges and Issues 646</p> <p>Reference 648</p> <p>Further Reading 648</p> <p>List of Existing and Upcoming Networks of Satellites – January 2018, Updated March 2019 649</p> <p>Index 663</p>
<p><b>Editors</b> <p><b>Rogerio Atem de Carvalho,</b> Instituto Federal Fluminense, Brazil <p><b>Jaime Estela,</b> Spectrum Aerospace Group, Germany and Peru <p><b>Martin Langer,</b> Technical University of Munich, Germany, Orbital Oracle Technologies GmbH, Germany
<p><b>Nanosatellites: Space and Ground Technologies, Operations and Economics</b> <p><b><i>Covering the latest research on nanosatellites</i></b> <p>Nanosatellites: Space and Ground Technologies, Operations and Economics comprehensively presents the latest research on the fast-developing area of nanosatellites. Divided into three distinct sections, the book begins with a brief history of nanosatellites and introduces nanosatellites technologies and payloads, also explaining how these are deployed into space. The second section provides an overview of the ground segment and operations, and the third section focuses on the regulations, policies, economics, and future trends. <p>Key features: <ul> <li>Payloads for nanosatellites</li> <li>Nanosatellites components design</li> <li>Examines the cost of development of nanosatellites.</li> <li>Covers the latest policies and regulations.</li> <li>Considers future trends for nanosatellites.</li> </ul> <p><i>Nanosatellites: Space and Ground Technologies, Operations and Economics</i> is a comprehensive reference for researchers and practitioners working with nanosatellites in the aerospace industry.

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